From 2305380945db7118efe6df311849520dc0060611 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dennis Eichhorn <spl1nes.com@googlemail.com>
Date: Sun, 25 Feb 2018 16:12:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] More tests (math tests) and fixes

---
 Math/Functions/Functions.php                  |  21 +-
 Math/Functions/Gamma.php                      | 122 ++++++
 Math/Number/Complex.php                       | 360 +++++++++++++++++-
 .../Distribution/BernoulliDistribution.php    |  47 ++-
 .../Distribution/BinomialDistribution.php     |  12 +-
 .../Distribution/ChiSquaredDistribution.php   |   3 +-
 Message/Http/BrowserType.php                  |   1 +
 Message/Http/Header.php                       |   3 +
 Message/Http/OSType.php                       |   1 +
 Message/Http/Request.php                      |   8 +-
 Message/RequestAbstract.php                   |   9 -
 Validation/ModelValidationTrait.php           |  93 -----
 Views/ViewAbstract.php                        |   9 -
 tests/Business/Finance/StockBondsTest.php     |   8 +
 tests/Math/Functions/FunctionsTest.php        |   2 -
 tests/Math/Functions/GammaTest.php            |  46 +++
 tests/Math/Number/ComplexTest.php             |  93 ++++-
 .../BernoulliDistributionTest.php             |  80 +++-
 .../Distribution/BinomialDistributionTest.php |  82 +++-
 .../Distribution/CauchyDistributionTest.php   |  23 +-
 tests/Message/Http/BrowserTypeTest.php        |   3 +-
 tests/Message/Http/OSTypeTest.php             |   2 +-
 tests/Message/Http/RequestTest.php            |   6 +-
 23 files changed, 861 insertions(+), 173 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Math/Functions/Gamma.php
 delete mode 100644 Validation/ModelValidationTrait.php
 create mode 100644 tests/Math/Functions/GammaTest.php

diff --git a/Math/Functions/Functions.php b/Math/Functions/Functions.php
index 79ca16a8a..85ec63fc1 100644
--- a/Math/Functions/Functions.php
+++ b/Math/Functions/Functions.php
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  *
  * PHP Version 7.1
  *
- * @package    TBD
+ * @package    phpOMS\Math\Functions
  * @copyright  Dennis Eichhorn
  * @license    OMS License 1.0
  * @version    1.0.0
@@ -17,29 +17,14 @@ namespace phpOMS\Math\Functions;
 /**
  * Well known functions and helpers class.
  *
- * @package    Framework
+ * @package    phpOMS\Math\Functions
  * @license    OMS License 1.0
  * @link       http://website.orange-management.de
  * @since      1.0.0
  */
 class Functions
 {
-    /**
-     * Calculate gammar function value.
-     *
-     * Example: (7)
-     *
-     * @param int $k Variable
-     *
-     * @return int
-     *
-     * @since  1.0.0
-     */
-    public static function getGammaInteger(int $k) : int
-    {
-        return self::fact($k - 1);
-    }
-
+    
     /**
      * Calculate gammar function value.
      *
diff --git a/Math/Functions/Gamma.php b/Math/Functions/Gamma.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcd74a4b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Math/Functions/Gamma.php
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * Orange Management
+ *
+ * PHP Version 7.1
+ *
+ * @package    phpOMS\Math\Functions
+ * @copyright  Dennis Eichhorn
+ * @license    OMS License 1.0
+ * @version    1.0.0
+ * @link       http://website.orange-management.de
+ */
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace phpOMS\Math\Functions;
+
+/**
+ * Gamma function
+ *
+ * @package    phpOMS\Math\Functions
+ * @license    OMS License 1.0
+ * @link       http://website.orange-management.de
+ * @since      1.0.0
+ */
+class Gamma
+{
+    /**
+     * approximation values.
+     *
+     * @var float[]
+     * @since 1.0.0
+     */
+    /* private */ const LANCZOSAPPROXIMATION = [
+        0.99999999999980993, 676.5203681218851, -1259.1392167224028, 771.32342877765313, -176.61502916214059,
+        12.507343278686905, -0.13857109526572012, 9.9843695780195716e-6, 1.5056327351493116e-7
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Calculate gamma with Lanczos approximation
+     *
+     * @param mixed $z Value
+     *
+     * @return float
+     *
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public static function lanczosApproximationReal($z) : float
+    {
+        if ($z < 0.5) {
+            return M_PI / (sin(M_PI * $z) * self::lanczosApproximationReal(1 - $z));
+        }
+
+        $z -= 1;
+        $a  = self::LANCZOSAPPROXIMATION[0];
+        $t  = $z + 7.5;
+
+        for ($i = 1; $i < 9; ++$i) {
+            $a += self::LANCZOSAPPROXIMATION[$i] / ($z + $i);
+        }
+
+        return sqrt(2 * M_PI) * pow($t, $z + 0.5) * exp(-$t) * $a;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculate gamma with Stirling approximation
+     *
+     * @param mixed $x Value
+     *
+     * @return float
+     *
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public static function stirlingApproximation($x) : float
+    {
+        return sqrt(2.0 * M_PI / $x) * pow($x / M_E, $x);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculate gamma with Spouge approximation
+     *
+     * @param mixed $z Value
+     *
+     * @return float
+     *
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public static function spougeApproximation($z) : float
+    {
+        $k1_fact = 1.0;
+        $c       = [sqrt(2.0 * M_PI)];
+
+        for ($k = 1; $k < 12; ++$k) {
+            $c[$k]    = exp(12 - $k) * pow(12 - $k, $k - 0.5) / $k1_fact;
+            $k1_fact *= -$k;
+        }
+
+        $accm = $c[0];
+        for ($k = 1; $k < 12; ++$k) {
+            $accm += $c[$k] / ($z + $k);
+        }
+
+        $accm *= exp(-$z - 12) * pow($z + 12, $z + 0.5);
+
+        return $accm / $z;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculate gamma function value.
+     *
+     * Example: (7)
+     *
+     * @param int $k Variable
+     *
+     * @return int
+     *
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public static function getGammaInteger(int $k) : int
+    {
+        return Functions::fact($k - 1);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Math/Number/Complex.php b/Math/Number/Complex.php
index 0ff135b08..2c9961771 100644
--- a/Math/Number/Complex.php
+++ b/Math/Number/Complex.php
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  *
  * PHP Version 7.1
  *
- * @package    TBD
+ * @package    phpOMS\Math\Number
  * @copyright  Dennis Eichhorn
  * @license    OMS License 1.0
  * @version    1.0.0
@@ -14,45 +14,383 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace phpOMS\Math\Number;
 
+/**
+ * Complex number class.
+ *
+ * @package    phpOMS\Math\Number
+ * @license    OMS License 1.0
+ * @link       http://website.orange-management.de
+ * @since      1.0.0
+ */
 class Complex
 {
-    private $real = null;
+    /**
+     * Real part.
+     *
+     * @var mixed
+     * @since 1.0.0
+     */
+    private $re = null;
 
+    /**
+     * Imaginary part.
+     *
+     * @var mixed
+     * @since 1.0.0
+     */
     private $im = null;
 
-    public function getReal()
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $re Real part
+     * @param mixed $im Imaginary part
+     *
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public function __construct($re = 0, $im = 0)
     {
+        $this->re = $re;
+        $this->im = $im;
     }
 
-    public function setReal() /* : void */
+    /**
+     * Get real part
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public function re()
     {
+        return $this->re;
     }
 
-    public function setImaginary() /* : void */
+    /**
+     * Get imaginary part
+     *
+     * @return mixed
+     *
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public function im()
     {
+        return $this->im;
     }
 
-    public function getImaginary()
+    /**
+     * Conjugate
+     * 
+     * @latex z = a - b*i
+     *
+     * @return Complex
+     *
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public function conjugate() : Complex
     {
+        return new self($this->re, -$this->im);
     }
 
-    public function pow()
+    /**
+     * Reciprocal
+     * 
+     * @return Complex
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public function reciprocal() : Complex
     {
+        return new self(
+            $this->re / ($this->re ** 2 + $this->im ** 2), 
+            -$this->im / ($this->re ** 2 + $this->im ** 2)
+        );
     }
 
-    public function add()
+    /**
+     * Square root
+     * 
+     * @return Complex
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public function sqrt() : Complex
     {
+        return new self(
+            sqrt(($this->re + sqrt($this->re ** 2 + $this->im ** 2)) / 2),
+            ($this->im <=> 0) * sqrt((-$this->re + sqrt($this->re ** 2 + $this->im ** 2)) / 2)
+        );
     }
 
-    public function sub()
+    /**
+     * Absolute
+     * 
+     * @return mixed
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public function abs()
     {
+        return sqrt($this->re ** 2 + $this->im ** 2);
     }
 
-    public function mult()
+    /**
+     * Square
+     * 
+     * @return Complex
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public function square() : Complex
     {
+        return $this->multComplex($this, $this);
     }
 
-    public function div()
+    public function pow($value) : Complex
     {
+        if (is_numeric($value)) {
+            return $this->powScalar($value);
+        } elseif ($value instanceof Complex) {
+            return $this->powComplex($value);
+        }
+
+        throw new \InvalidArgumentException();
+    }
+
+    public function powComplex() : Complex
+    {
+
+    }
+
+    public function powScalar() : Complex
+    {
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add opperator
+     * 
+     * @param mixed $value Value to add
+     * 
+     * @return Complex
+     * 
+     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public function add($value) : Complex
+    {
+        if (is_numeric($value)) {
+            return $this->addScalar($value);
+        } elseif ($value instanceof Complex) {
+            return $this->addComplex($value);
+        }
+
+        throw new \InvalidArgumentException();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Add opperator
+     * 
+     * @param Complex $cpl Value to add
+     * 
+     * @return Complex
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    private function addComplex(Complex $cpl) : Complex
+    {
+        return new self($this->re + $cpl->re(), $this->im + $cpl->im());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add opperator
+     * 
+     * @param mixed $val Value to add
+     * 
+     * @return Complex
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    private function addScalar($val) : Complex
+    {
+        return new self($this->re + $val, $this->im);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sub opperator
+     * 
+     * @param mixed $value Value to sub
+     * 
+     * @return Complex
+     * 
+     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public function sub($value) : Complex
+    {
+        if (is_numeric($value)) {
+            return $this->subScalar($value);
+        } elseif ($value instanceof Complex) {
+            return $this->subComplex($value);
+        }
+
+        throw new \InvalidArgumentException();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sub opperator
+     * 
+     * @param Complex $cpl Value to sub
+     * 
+     * @return Complex
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    private function subComplex(Complex $cpl) : Complex
+    {
+        return new self($this->re - $cpl->re(), $this->im - $cpl->im());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sub opperator
+     * 
+     * @param mixed $val Value to sub
+     * 
+     * @return Complex
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    private function subScalar($val) : Complex
+    {
+        return new self($this->re - $val, $this->im);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Mult opperator
+     * 
+     * @param mixed $value Value to mult
+     * 
+     * @return Complex
+     * 
+     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public function mult($value) : Complex
+    {
+        if (is_numeric($value)) {
+            return $this->multScalar($value);
+        } elseif ($value instanceof Complex) {
+            return $this->multComplex($value);
+        }
+
+        throw new \InvalidArgumentException();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Mult opperator
+     * 
+     * @param Complex $cpl Value to mult
+     * 
+     * @return Complex
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    private function multComplex(Complex $cpl) : Complex
+    {
+        return new self(
+            $this->re * $cpl->re() - $this->im * $cpl->im(),
+            $this->re * $cpl->im() + $this->im * $cpl->re()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Mult opperator
+     * 
+     * @param mixed $val Value to mult
+     * 
+     * @return Complex
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    private function multScalar($val) : Complex
+    {
+        return new self($this->re * $val, $this->im * $val);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Div opperator
+     * 
+     * @param mixed $value Value to div
+     * 
+     * @return Complex
+     * 
+     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public function div($value) : Complex
+    {
+        if (is_numeric($value)) {
+            return $this->divScalar($value);
+        } elseif ($value instanceof Complex) {
+            return $this->divComplex($value);
+        }
+
+        throw new \InvalidArgumentException();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Div opperator
+     * 
+     * @param Complex $cpl Value to div
+     * 
+     * @return Complex
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    private function divComplex(Complex $cpl) : Complex
+    {
+        return new self(
+            ($this->re * $cpl->re() + $this->im * $cpl->im()) / ($cpl->re() ** 2 + $cpl->im() ** 2),
+            ($this->im * $cpl->re() - $this->re * $cpl->im()) / ($cpl->re() ** 2 + $cpl->im() ** 2)
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Div opperator
+     * 
+     * @param mixed $val Value to div
+     * 
+     * @return Complex
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    private function divScalar($val) : Complex
+    {
+        return new self($this->re / $val, $this->im / $val);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Render complex number
+     * 
+     * @param int $precision Output precision
+     * 
+     * @return string
+     * 
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public function render(int $precision = 2) : string
+    {
+        return ($this->re !== 0 ? number_format($this->re, $precision) : '') 
+        . ($this->im > 0 && $this->re !== 0 ? ' +' : '') 
+        . ($this->im < 0 && $this->re !== 0 ? ' -' : '') 
+        . ($this->im !== 0 ? (
+            ($this->re !== 0 ? ' ' : '') . number_format(
+                ($this->im < 0 && $this->re === 0 ? $this->im : abs($this->im)), $precision
+                ) . 'i'
+            ) : '');
     }
 }
diff --git a/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/BernoulliDistribution.php b/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/BernoulliDistribution.php
index 350e8fe0c..5d26ac9f7 100644
--- a/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/BernoulliDistribution.php
+++ b/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/BernoulliDistribution.php
@@ -42,9 +42,30 @@ class BernoulliDistribution
             return 1 - $p;
         } elseif ($k === 1) {
             return $p;
-        } else {
-            throw new \Exception('wrong parameter');
         }
+
+        throw new \Exception('wrong parameter');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get cummulative distribution function.
+     *
+     * @param float $p Value p
+     * @param float $k Value k
+     *
+     * @return float
+     *
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public static function getCdf(float $p, float $k) : float
+    {
+        if ($k < 0) {
+            return 0;
+        } elseif ($k >= 1) {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        
+        return 1 - $p;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -62,9 +83,9 @@ class BernoulliDistribution
             return 0;
         } elseif ($p > 0.5) {
             return 1;
-        } else {
-            return 0;
         }
+        
+        return 0;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -96,9 +117,9 @@ class BernoulliDistribution
             return 0.5;
         } elseif ($p > 0.5) {
             return 1;
-        } else {
-            return 0;
         }
+
+        return 0;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -144,6 +165,20 @@ class BernoulliDistribution
         return (1 - 2 * $p) / sqrt($p * (1 - $p));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Get entropy.
+     *
+     * @param float $p Value p
+     *
+     * @return float
+     *
+     * @since  1.0.0
+     */
+    public static function getEntropy(float $p) : float
+    {
+        return -(1 - $p) * log(1 - $p) - $p * log($p);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Get Fisher information.
      *
diff --git a/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/BinomialDistribution.php b/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/BinomialDistribution.php
index b44d78871..83bb27c59 100644
--- a/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/BinomialDistribution.php
+++ b/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/BinomialDistribution.php
@@ -41,15 +41,7 @@ class BinomialDistribution
      */
     public static function getMode(int $n, float $p) : float
     {
-        if (($temp = ($n + 1) * $p) === 0 || !is_int($temp)) {
-            return floor($temp);
-        } elseif ($temp >= 1 && $temp <= $n) {
-            return $temp;
-        } elseif ($temp === $n + 1) {
-            return $n;
-        } else {
-            throw new \Exception('Unexpected Values');
-        }
+        return floor(($n + 1) * $p);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -128,7 +120,7 @@ class BinomialDistribution
     {
         $sum = 0.0;
 
-        for ($i = 0; $i < $x; ++$i) {
+        for ($i = 1; $i < $x; ++$i) {
             $sum += self::getPmf($n, $i, $p);
         }
 
diff --git a/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/ChiSquaredDistribution.php b/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/ChiSquaredDistribution.php
index 81989b602..76cd712aa 100644
--- a/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/ChiSquaredDistribution.php
+++ b/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/ChiSquaredDistribution.php
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 namespace phpOMS\Math\Stochastic\Distribution;
 
 use phpOMS\Math\Functions\Functions;
+use phpOMS\Math\Functions\Gamma;
 
 /**
  * Chi squared distribution.
@@ -157,7 +158,7 @@ class ChiSquaredDistribution
             throw new \Exception('Out of bounds');
         }
 
-        return 1 / (pow(2, $df / 2) * (Functions::getGammaInteger((int) ($df / 2)))) * pow($x, $df / 2 - 1) * exp(-$x / 2);
+        return 1 / (pow(2, $df / 2) * Gamma::lanczosApproximationReal(($df / 2))) * pow($x, $df / 2 - 1) * exp(-$x / 2);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/Message/Http/BrowserType.php b/Message/Http/BrowserType.php
index c63828248..567611bbc 100644
--- a/Message/Http/BrowserType.php
+++ b/Message/Http/BrowserType.php
@@ -39,4 +39,5 @@ abstract class BrowserType extends Enum
     /* public */ const KONQUEROR = 'konqueror'; /* Konqueror */
     /* public */ const HANDHELD  = 'mobile'; /* Handheld Browser */
     /* public */ const BLINK     = 'blink'; /* Blink Browser */
+    /* public */ const UNKNOWN   = 'unknown';
 }
diff --git a/Message/Http/Header.php b/Message/Http/Header.php
index cd102861e..35408560b 100644
--- a/Message/Http/Header.php
+++ b/Message/Http/Header.php
@@ -145,7 +145,9 @@ class Header extends HeaderAbstract
     public static function getAllHeaders() : array
     {
         if (function_exists('getallheaders')) {
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
             return getallheaders();
+            // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
         }
 
         $headers = [];
@@ -228,6 +230,7 @@ class Header extends HeaderAbstract
      * @return void
      *
      * @since  1.0.0
+     * @codeCoverageIgnore
      */
     public function push() /* : void */
     {
diff --git a/Message/Http/OSType.php b/Message/Http/OSType.php
index dc520b39c..cb8a09fda 100644
--- a/Message/Http/OSType.php
+++ b/Message/Http/OSType.php
@@ -51,4 +51,5 @@ abstract class OSType extends Enum
     /* public */ const ANDROID        = 'android'; /* Android */
     /* public */ const BLACKBERRY     = 'blackberry'; /* Blackberry */
     /* public */ const MOBILE         = 'webos'; /* Mobile */
+    /* public */ const UNKNOWN        = 'unknown';
 }
diff --git a/Message/Http/Request.php b/Message/Http/Request.php
index fc20ced02..bf1fe9973 100644
--- a/Message/Http/Request.php
+++ b/Message/Http/Request.php
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class Request extends RequestAbstract
      * @var string
      * @since 1.0.0
      */
-    private $browser = BrowserType::CHROME;
+    private $browser = null;
 
     /**
      * OS type.
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class Request extends RequestAbstract
      * @var string
      * @since 1.0.0
      */
-    private $os = OSType::LINUX;
+    private $os = null;
     
     /**
      * Request information.
@@ -291,6 +291,8 @@ class Request extends RequestAbstract
                     return $this->browser;
                 }
             }
+
+            $this->browser = BrowserType::UNKNOWN;
         }
 
         return $this->browser;
@@ -330,6 +332,8 @@ class Request extends RequestAbstract
                     return $this->os;
                 }
             }
+
+            $this->os = OSType::UNKNOWN;
         }
 
         return $this->os;
diff --git a/Message/RequestAbstract.php b/Message/RequestAbstract.php
index d0b225ab1..b6a3902e7 100644
--- a/Message/RequestAbstract.php
+++ b/Message/RequestAbstract.php
@@ -101,15 +101,6 @@ abstract class RequestAbstract implements MessageInterface
      */
     protected $header = null;
 
-    /**
-     * Constructor.
-     *
-     * @since  1.0.0
-     */
-    public function __construct()
-    {
-    }
-
     /**
      * Get request uri.
      *
diff --git a/Validation/ModelValidationTrait.php b/Validation/ModelValidationTrait.php
deleted file mode 100644
index b5a1305b8..000000000
--- a/Validation/ModelValidationTrait.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-/**
- * Orange Management
- *
- * PHP Version 7.1
- *
- * @package    phpOMS\Validation
- * @copyright  Dennis Eichhorn
- * @license    OMS License 1.0
- * @version    1.0.0
- * @link       http://website.orange-management.de
- */
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-namespace phpOMS\Validation;
-
-/**
- * Model validation trait.
- *
- * @package    phpOMS\Validation
- * @license    OMS License 1.0
- * @link       http://website.orange-management.de
- * @since      1.0.0
- */
-trait ModelValidationTrait
-{
-
-    /** @noinspection PhpUnusedPrivateMethodInspection */
-    /**
-     * Set variable without validating it.
-     *
-     * @param mixed  $var  Variable to set
-     * @param string $name Name of the variable
-     * 
-     * @return void
-     *
-     * @throws \Exception
-     *
-     * @since  1.0.0
-     */
-    public function setForce($var, $name) /* : void */
-    {
-        if (!property_exists($this, $var)) {
-            throw new \Exception('Unknown property.');
-        }
-
-        $this->{$name} = $var;
-    }
-
-    /** @noinspection PhpUnusedPrivateMethodInspection */
-    /**
-     * Validate member variable.
-     *
-     * @param mixed  $var  Variable to validate
-     * @param string $name Name of the variable
-     *
-     * @return bool
-     *
-     * @since  1.0.0
-     */
-    protected function isValid($var, $name) : bool
-    {
-        /** @noinspection PhpUndefinedFieldInspection */
-        if (!isset(self::${$name . '_validate'})) {
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        /** @noinspection PhpUndefinedFieldInspection */
-        return Validator::isValid($var, self::$validation[$name]);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Set validated member variable.
-     *
-     * @param mixed  $var  Variable to validate
-     * @param string $name Name of the variable
-     *
-     * @return bool
-     *
-     * @throws \Exception
-     *
-     * @since  1.0.0
-     */
-    protected function setValidation($var, $name) /* : void */
-    {
-        /** @noinspection PhpUndefinedFieldInspection */
-        if (!isset(self::${$name . '_validate'}) || Validator::isValid($var, self::$validation[$name]) === true) {
-            $this->{$name} = $var;
-        } else {
-            throw new \Exception('Invalid data for variable ' . $name);
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/Views/ViewAbstract.php b/Views/ViewAbstract.php
index 8cbde67f1..310f40d40 100644
--- a/Views/ViewAbstract.php
+++ b/Views/ViewAbstract.php
@@ -43,15 +43,6 @@ abstract class ViewAbstract implements \Serializable
      */
     protected $views = [];
 
-    /**
-     * Constructor.
-     *
-     * @since  1.0.0
-     */
-    public function __construct()
-    {
-    }
-
     /**
      * Sort views by order.
      *
diff --git a/tests/Business/Finance/StockBondsTest.php b/tests/Business/Finance/StockBondsTest.php
index 57987a0b8..bf5e09857 100644
--- a/tests/Business/Finance/StockBondsTest.php
+++ b/tests/Business/Finance/StockBondsTest.php
@@ -58,6 +58,14 @@ class StockBondsTest extends \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase
         self::assertEquals(0.10355, StockBonds::getHoldingPeriodReturn($r), '', 0.01);
     }
 
+    public function testTaxEquivalentYield()
+    {
+        $free = 0.15;
+        $rate = 0.05;
+
+        self::assertEquals(0.15789, StockBonds::getTaxEquivalentYield($free, $rate), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
     public function testNetAssetValue()
     {
         $assets      = 1000;
diff --git a/tests/Math/Functions/FunctionsTest.php b/tests/Math/Functions/FunctionsTest.php
index 9fa493b10..96ffae6ca 100644
--- a/tests/Math/Functions/FunctionsTest.php
+++ b/tests/Math/Functions/FunctionsTest.php
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@ class FunctionsTest extends \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase
 {
     public function testFactorial()
     {
-        self::assertEquals(Functions::fact(4), Functions::getGammaInteger(5));
-
         self::assertEquals(120, Functions::fact(5));
         self::assertEquals(39916800, Functions::fact(11));
 
diff --git a/tests/Math/Functions/GammaTest.php b/tests/Math/Functions/GammaTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c34876a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Math/Functions/GammaTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * Orange Management
+ *
+ * PHP Version 7.1
+ *
+ * @package    TBD
+ * @copyright  Dennis Eichhorn
+ * @license    OMS License 1.0
+ * @version    1.0.0
+ * @link       http://website.orange-management.de
+ */
+
+namespace phpOMS\tests\Math\Functions;
+
+use phpOMS\Math\Functions\Functions;
+use phpOMS\Math\Functions\Gamma;
+
+class GammaTest extends \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase
+{
+    public function testFactorial()
+    {
+        self::assertEquals(Functions::fact(4), Gamma::getGammaInteger(5));
+    }
+
+    public function testApproximations()
+    {
+        $stirling = [
+            2.15697602, 1.20285073, 0.92213701, 0.83974270, 0.85919025, 0.95950218, 1.14910642, 1.45849038, 1.94540320, 2.70976382,
+        ];
+
+        $spouge = [ 
+            2.67893853, 1.35411794, 1.00000000, 0.89297951, 0.90274529, 1.00000000, 1.19063935, 1.50457549, 2.00000000, 2.77815848,
+        ];
+
+        $gsl = [
+            2.67893853, 1.35411794, 1.00000000, 0.89297951, 0.90274529, 1.00000000, 1.19063935, 1.50457549, 2.00000000, 2.77815848,
+        ];
+
+        for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) {
+            self::assertEquals($stirling[$i - 1], Gamma::stirlingApproximation($i / 3), '', 0.01);
+            self::assertEquals($spouge[$i - 1], Gamma::spougeApproximation($i / 3), '', 0.01);
+            self::assertEquals($gsl[$i - 1], Gamma::lanczosApproximationReal($i / 3), '', 0.01);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Math/Number/ComplexTest.php b/tests/Math/Number/ComplexTest.php
index b8ea4d1e2..654c23578 100644
--- a/tests/Math/Number/ComplexTest.php
+++ b/tests/Math/Number/ComplexTest.php
@@ -17,8 +17,97 @@ use phpOMS\Math\Number\Complex;
 
 class ComplexTest extends \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase
 {
-    public function testPlaceholder()
+    public function testDefault()
     {
-        self::markTestIncomplete();
+        $cpl = new Complex();
+        self::assertEquals(0, $cpl->re());
+        self::assertEquals(0, $cpl->im());
+        self::assertEquals('', $cpl->render());
+    }
+
+    public function testSetGet()
+    {
+        $cpl = new Complex(1, 2);
+        self::assertEquals(1, $cpl->re());
+        self::assertEquals(2, $cpl->im());
+    }
+
+    public function testBasics()
+    {
+        $cpl1 = new Complex(2, 3);
+        $cpl2 = new Complex(3, 4);
+
+        self::assertEquals('5.00 + 7.00i', $cpl1->add($cpl2)->render());
+        self::assertEquals('6.00 + 3.00i', $cpl1->add(4)->render());
+
+        self::assertEquals('-1.00 - 1.00i', $cpl1->sub($cpl2)->render());
+        self::assertEquals('-2.00 + 3.00i', $cpl1->sub(4)->render());
+
+        self::assertEquals('-6.00 + 17.00i', $cpl1->mult($cpl2)->render());
+        self::assertEquals('8.00 + 12.00i', $cpl1->mult(4)->render());
+
+        self::assertEquals('0.72 + 0.04i', $cpl1->div($cpl2)->render(2));
+        self::assertEquals('0.50 + 0.75i', $cpl1->div(4)->render(2));
+    }
+
+    public function testSpecial()
+    {
+        $cpl = new Complex(4, 3);
+
+        self::assertEquals('4 - 3i', $cpl->conjugate()->render(0));
+        self::assertEquals('0.16 - 0.12i', $cpl->reciprocal()->render(2));
+
+        self::assertEquals('7.00 + 24.00i', $cpl->square()->render());
+        self::assertEquals(5, $cpl->abs(), '', 0.01);
+
+        self::assertEquals('2.12 + 0.71i', $cpl->sqrt()->render());
+
+        $cpl2 = new Complex(-1, 3);
+        self::assertEquals('1.04 + 1.44i', $cpl2->sqrt()->render());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @expectedException \InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public function testInvalidAdd()
+    {
+        $cpl = new Complex(4, 3);
+        $cpl->add(true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @expectedException \InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public function testInvalidSub()
+    {
+        $cpl = new Complex(4, 3);
+        $cpl->sub(true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @expectedException \InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public function testInvalidMult()
+    {
+        $cpl = new Complex(4, 3);
+        $cpl->mult(true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @expectedException \InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public function testInvalidDiv()
+    {
+        $cpl = new Complex(4, 3);
+        $cpl->div(true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @expectedException \InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public function testInvalidPow()
+    {
+        $cpl = new Complex(4, 3);
+        $cpl->pow(true);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/BernoulliDistributionTest.php b/tests/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/BernoulliDistributionTest.php
index aafb94d58..f1e4ccce2 100644
--- a/tests/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/BernoulliDistributionTest.php
+++ b/tests/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/BernoulliDistributionTest.php
@@ -17,8 +17,84 @@ use phpOMS\Math\Stochastic\Distribution\BernoulliDistribution;
 
 class BernoulliDistributionTest extends \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase
 {
-    public function testPlaceholder()
+    public function testPmf()
     {
-        self::markTestIncomplete();
+        self::assertEquals(0.3, BernoulliDistribution::getPmf(0.7, 0), '', 0.01);
+        self::assertEquals(0.7, BernoulliDistribution::getPmf(0.7, 1), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testMode()
+    {
+        self::assertEquals(1, BernoulliDistribution::getMode(0.7), '', 0.01);
+        self::assertEquals(0, BernoulliDistribution::getMode(0.5), '', 0.01);
+        self::assertEquals(0, BernoulliDistribution::getMode(0.3), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testMean()
+    {
+        self::assertEquals(0.4, BernoulliDistribution::getMean(0.4), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testCdf()
+    {
+        self::assertEquals(0, BernoulliDistribution::getCdf(0.4, -2), '', 0.01);
+        self::assertEquals(1, BernoulliDistribution::getCdf(0.4, 2), '', 0.01);
+        self::assertEquals(0.3, BernoulliDistribution::getCdf(0.7, 0.4), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testMedian()
+    {
+        self::assertEquals(0.5, BernoulliDistribution::getMedian(0.5), '', 0.01);
+        self::assertEquals(1, BernoulliDistribution::getMedian(0.7), '', 0.01);
+        self::assertEquals(0, BernoulliDistribution::getMedian(0.3), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testVariance()
+    {
+        $p = 0.3;
+        $q = 1 - $p;
+
+        self::assertEquals($p * $q, BernoulliDistribution::getVariance($p), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testSkewness()
+    {
+        $p = 0.3;
+        $q = 1 - $p;
+
+        self::assertEquals((1 - 2 * $p) / sqrt($p * $q), BernoulliDistribution::getSkewness($p), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testExKurtosis()
+    {
+        $p = 0.3;
+        $q = 1 - $p;
+
+        self::assertEquals((1 - 6 * $p * $q) / ($p * $q), BernoulliDistribution::getExKurtosis($p), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testEntropy()
+    {
+        $p = 0.3;
+        $q = 1 - $p;
+
+        self::assertEquals(-$q * log($q) - $p * log($p), BernoulliDistribution::getEntropy($p), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testMgf()
+    {
+        $p = 0.3;
+        $q = 1 - $p;
+        $t = 2;
+
+        self::assertEquals($q + $p * exp($t), BernoulliDistribution::getMgf($p, $t), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testFisherInformation()
+    {
+        $p = 0.3;
+        $q = 1 - $p;
+
+        self::assertEquals(1 / ($p * $q), BernoulliDistribution::getFisherInformation($p), '', 0.01);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/BinomialDistributionTest.php b/tests/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/BinomialDistributionTest.php
index 0bff28fab..0debad305 100644
--- a/tests/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/BinomialDistributionTest.php
+++ b/tests/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/BinomialDistributionTest.php
@@ -17,8 +17,86 @@ use phpOMS\Math\Stochastic\Distribution\BinomialDistribution;
 
 class BinomialDistributionTest extends \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase
 {
-    public function testPlaceholder()
+    public function testPmf()
     {
-        self::markTestIncomplete();
+        $p = 0.4;
+        $n = 20;
+        $k = 7;
+
+        self::assertEquals(0.1659, BinomialDistribution::getPmf($n, $k, $p), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testCdf()
+    {
+        $p = 0.4;
+        $n = 20;
+        $k = 7;
+
+        self::assertEquals(0.25, BinomialDistribution::getCdf($n, $k, $p), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testMean()
+    {
+        $n = 20;
+        $p = 0.4;
+
+        self::assertEquals($n * $p, BinomialDistribution::getMean($n, $p), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testMedian()
+    {
+        $n = 20;
+        $p = 0.4;
+
+        self::assertEquals(floor($n * $p), BinomialDistribution::getMedian($n, $p), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testMode()
+    {
+        $n = 20;
+        $p = 0.4;
+
+        self::assertEquals(floor(($n + 1) * $p), BinomialDistribution::getMode($n, $p), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testVariance()
+    {
+        $n = 20;
+        $p = 0.4;
+
+        self::assertEquals($n * $p * (1 - $p), BinomialDistribution::getVariance($n, $p), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testSkewness()
+    {
+        $n = 20;
+        $p = 0.4;
+
+        self::assertEquals((1 - 2 * $p) / sqrt($n * $p * (1 - $p)), BinomialDistribution::getSkewness($n, $p), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testExKurtosis()
+    {
+        $n = 20;
+        $p = 0.4;
+
+        self::assertEquals((1 - 6 * $p * (1 - $p)) / ($n * $p * (1 - $p)), BinomialDistribution::getExKurtosis($n, $p), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testMgf()
+    {
+        $n = 20;
+        $p = 0.4;
+        $t = 3;
+
+        self::assertEquals((1 - $p + $p * exp($t)) ** $n, BinomialDistribution::getMgf($n, $t, $p), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testFisherInformation()
+    {
+        $n = 20;
+        $p = 0.4;
+
+        self::assertEquals($n / ($p * (1 - $p)), BinomialDistribution::getFisherInformation($n, $p), '', 0.01);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/CauchyDistributionTest.php b/tests/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/CauchyDistributionTest.php
index 45cce8070..75f3c6f5f 100644
--- a/tests/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/CauchyDistributionTest.php
+++ b/tests/Math/Stochastic/Distribution/CauchyDistributionTest.php
@@ -17,8 +17,27 @@ use phpOMS\Math\Stochastic\Distribution\CauchyDistribution;
 
 class CauchyDistributionTest extends \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase
 {
-    public function testPlaceholder()
+    public function testMedianMode()
     {
-        self::markTestIncomplete();
+        self::assertEquals(3.2, CauchyDistribution::getMedian(3.2));
+        self::assertEquals(3.2, CauchyDistribution::getMode(3.2));
+    }
+
+    public function testPdf()
+    {
+        $x     = 1;
+        $x0    = 0.5;
+        $gamma = 2; 
+
+        self::assertEquals(0.14979, CauchyDistribution::getPdf($x, $x0, $gamma), '', 0.01);
+    }
+
+    public function testCdf()
+    {
+        $x     = 1;
+        $x0    = 0.5;
+        $gamma = 2; 
+
+        self::assertEquals(0.57798, CauchyDistribution::getCdf($x, $x0, $gamma), '', 0.01);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Message/Http/BrowserTypeTest.php b/tests/Message/Http/BrowserTypeTest.php
index 7e79f4622..bed0159ef 100644
--- a/tests/Message/Http/BrowserTypeTest.php
+++ b/tests/Message/Http/BrowserTypeTest.php
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class BrowserTypeTest extends \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase
 {
     public function testEnums()
     {
-        self::assertEquals(11, BrowserType::count());
+        self::assertEquals(12, BrowserType::count());
         self::assertEquals(BrowserType::getConstants(), array_unique(BrowserType::getConstants()));
 
         self::assertEquals('msie', BrowserType::IE);
@@ -33,5 +33,6 @@ class BrowserTypeTest extends \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase
         self::assertEquals('konqueror', BrowserType::KONQUEROR);
         self::assertEquals('mobile', BrowserType::HANDHELD);
         self::assertEquals('blink', BrowserType::BLINK);
+        self::assertEquals('unknown', BrowserType::UNKNOWN);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Message/Http/OSTypeTest.php b/tests/Message/Http/OSTypeTest.php
index 75a10f938..092b71c56 100644
--- a/tests/Message/Http/OSTypeTest.php
+++ b/tests/Message/Http/OSTypeTest.php
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class OSTypeTest extends \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase
 {
     public function testEnums()
     {
-        self::assertEquals(23, count(OSType::getConstants()));
+        self::assertEquals(24, count(OSType::getConstants()));
         self::assertEquals(OSType::getConstants(), array_unique(OSType::getConstants()));
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Message/Http/RequestTest.php b/tests/Message/Http/RequestTest.php
index 6f15f67af..e7f48ecb6 100644
--- a/tests/Message/Http/RequestTest.php
+++ b/tests/Message/Http/RequestTest.php
@@ -29,10 +29,12 @@ class RequestTest extends \PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase
     {
         $request = new Request();
 
+        $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] = OSType::UNKNOWN . BrowserType::UNKNOWN;
+
         self::assertEquals('en', $request->getHeader()->getL11n()->getLanguage());
         self::assertFalse($request->isMobile());
-        self::assertEquals(BrowserType::CHROME, $request->getBrowser());
-        self::assertEquals(OSType::LINUX, $request->getOS());
+        self::assertEquals(BrowserType::UNKNOWN, $request->getBrowser());
+        self::assertEquals(OSType::UNKNOWN, $request->getOS());
         self::assertEquals('127.0.0.1', $request->getOrigin());
         self::assertFalse($request->isHttps());
         self::assertEquals([], $request->getHash());